By Mher Sahakyan

Published by the Anwar Gargash Diplomatic Academy, UAE, 2021.

CONTENTS
Executive Summary 3
Introduction 4

1. Russia 4
   1.1. Creation of the Collective Security Treaty 5
   Organization and Russian Military Presence
   1.2. Eurasian Economic Union 6
   1.3. Russian Soft Power Diplomacy 7
2. China 8
   2.1. Energy Cooperation 8
   2.2. Silk Road Economic Belt: Transportation, Investments and Trade 9
   2.3. Shanghai Cooperation Organization & Sino-Russian Cooperation 12
3. United States 13
   3.1. US Troops in Central Asia, C5+1 Format, 13
   Cooperation and Disagreements
   3.2. US’ New Silk Road 15
4. The European Union 16
   4.1. EU’s Interests in Central Asia 16
   4.2. EU’s Education Soft Power Diplomacy 18

5. Iran 18
6. Turkey 20
7. India 22
8. Gulf Cooperation Council Countries 24
   8.1. GCC-Central Asia Transportation Routes and Investments 25
   Conclusion 28
   Policy Recommendations 29
   

https://www.agda.ac.ae/docs/default-source/Publications/agda-working-paper-apr-2021-dr-mher-sahakyan.pdf?sfvrsn=12